Here is the scientifically rigorous English translation of the Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membrane Process for Purified Water Production, compliant with GB 5749-2022 and NSF/ANSI 58 standards for pharmaceutical/electronic/food applications:
I. Process Flow (Four-Stage Purification)
graph LR
A[Feed Water] --> B[Pretreatment]
B --> C[RO Membrane System]
C --> D[Post-Treatment]
D --> E[Purified Water Tank]
subgraph **Core Purification**
B -->|Multistage Filtration + Softening| C
C -->|Salt Rejection>99%| D
D -->|UV + Polishing Mixed Bed| E
end

II. Scientific Process Design
1. Pretreatment (Critical Fouling Barrier)
Unit |
Technical Measures |
Parameters & Function |
Sand Filtration |
Quartz sand + anthracite multilayers |
Remove SS (≤1mg/L), turbidity<0.5 NTU |
Carbon Adsorption |
Coconut-shell carbon (iodine value≥1000mg/g) |
Adsorb chlorine/organics (TOC≤0.5mg/L), prevent RO membrane oxidation |
Softener |
Sodium ion-exchange resin |
Hardness≤17mg/L (as CaCO₃), prevent CaCO₃ scaling |
Cartridge Filter |
5μm polypropylene cartridge |
Final particulate barrier (SDI₁₅<3) |
Antiscalant Dosing |
Polycarboxylates (e.g., PTP-0100) |
Inhibit silicate/sulfate scaling (LSI<0.5) |
Pretreated Water Specifications:
- Residual chlorine<0.01mg/L | Fe<0.05mg/L | SDI₁₅<3 | ORP<200mV
2. RO Membrane System (Core Desalination)
Parameter |
Scientific Setting |
Theoretical Basis |
Membrane Selection |
Polyamide composite (e.g., DOW BW30-400) |
Salt rejection>99.5%, biofouling resistance (FDA 21 CFR 177) |
Operating Pressure |
10-15 bar (dynamic adjustment) |
Osmotic pressure equation: π = iCRT |
Recovery Rate |
75% (single-stage)/85% (two-stage) |
Concentrate flow≥3m³/h to prevent concentration polarization |
Temperature Control |
25±3°C (plate heat exchanger) |
Water flux ↑3%/°C (Arrhenius equation) |
Cleaning System |
CIP (pH2 acid + pH12 alkaline wash) |
Fouling model: J=J₀exp(-k·t) |
Separation Mechanism:
Solution-Diffusion Model - preferential water permeation via hydrogen-bonding network
3. Post-Treatment (Polishing)
Unit |
Principle |
Key Parameters |
Water Quality |
UV Sterilization |
254nm UV-C photolysis |
Dose≥40mJ/cm² |
Microbial inactivation>4-log |
EDI |
Ion exchange + electromigration |
Current density 50-100A/m², resistivity≥15MΩ·cm |
Ionic residue<1ppb |
Polishing Mixed Bed |
Nuclear-grade resin (H⁺/OH⁻ form) |
Resin ratio 1:1, bed height≥1.2m |
Resistivity≥18.2MΩ·cm (25°C) |
III. Critical Control Points & Validation
1. Real-Time Monitoring
# PLC Control Logic (Example)
if TDS_in > 500ppm: # High salinity warning
adjust_pressure(↑15%) # Maintain flux
if permeate_cond > 10μS/cm: # Membrane integrity check
trigger_alarm()
auto_flush(RO_clean_mode) # Initiate cleaning
2. Water Quality Standards
Parameter |
Requirement |
Test Method |
Conductivity (25°C) |
≤1μS/cm (RO permeate) |
ISO 7888 online monitoring |
Total Bacteria |
≤1 CFU/100mL |
GB/T 5750.12-2023 |
TOC |
≤50ppb |
USP <643> |
Endotoxin |
≤0.25EU/mL (WFI) |
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (Ch.P 2020) |
IV. Economic & Reliability Optimization
Measure |
Scientific Basis |
Benefit (100m³/d plant) |
Energy Recovery |
Turbine-driven by concentrate pressure (e.g., DWEER™) |
35% energy savings (¥180k/year) |
VFD Control |
Automatic pump adjustment based on feed TDS |
Membrane life ↑30% |
Dual RO Trains |
N+1 redundancy design |
System availability>99.9% |
Concentrate Reuse |
Partial recycle (≤20%) to sand filter inlet |
Water savings 15% |
V. Contingency Protocols
Failure Mode |
Scientific Response |
Theoretical Support |
Biofouling |
0.1% peracetic acid shock (30min contact) |
Disrupts microbial membrane permeability |
Organic Fouling |
0.1% NaOH + 0.025% SDS circulation (40°C) |
Saponification of oils |
Inorganic Scaling |
2% citric acid + 0.1% ammonia (pH=4) circulation |
Chelation of metal ions |
Abnormal Permeate pH |
CO₂ degasifier + NaOH fine-tuning (pH=7±0.2) |
Carbonic equilibrium: CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ |
VI. Case Study (Pharmaceutical Purified Water)
Process Stage |
Feed Water |
Product Water |
OPEX |
After Pretreatment |
TDS 350ppm |
- |
- |
RO Permeate |
- |
TDS 3.2ppm |
¥1.8/m³ |
EDI Product |
- |
Resistivity 18.24MΩ·cm |
+¥0.6/m³ |
Validation |
Complies with Ch.P 2020 purified water standards |
Bacterial count: 0 CFU/100mL |
|
System Recovery: 78% | Membrane Life: 5 years (field data)
Key Innovation: AI fouling prediction (>92% accuracy, LSTM neural network)
This design achieves minimal energy consumption while ensuring water quality through multi-barrier protection and smart controls, compliant with ISO 13485 for medical water. Includes complete FAT/SAT protocols and 3Q (IQ/OQ/PQ) validation support.